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Mammuthus lamarmorai
''Mammuthus lamarmorai'' is a species of mammoth which lived during the late Middle and Upper Pleistocene (between 450,000 to perhaps 40,000 years) on the island of Sardinia. ''M. lamarmorai'' is a dwarf species, as it is estimated to have reached a shoulder height of only 1.4 m and weighed about 750 kg. This pygmy mammoth has been found mostly in the fine-grained sediments of the western part of the island.
==Features==
There is a great deal of fossil material known for ''M. lamarmorai'', which includes cranial, dental, and post-cranial findings. So far, no complete skeleton is known. Of the few known molars just only one represents the rearmost tooth. This have 13 cm long and 6.9 cm wide, with at least eleven ridges on the enamel.〔Maria Rita Palombo: ''Elephants in miniature.'' In: Harald Meller (ed.): ''Elefantenreich – Eine Fossilwelt in Europa.'' Halle/Saale, 2010, pp. 275–295 ISBN 978-3-939414-48-3〕 A humerus reaches a length of 46 cm. The few discovered tusk fragments exhibit only a small maximum diameter of 3.5 cm. The length of the femur indicates a shoulder of 1.4 to 1.5m. The weight of this dwarf mammoths probably not have been more than 750 kg. The small size of ''M. lamarmorai'' is due to a process of insular dwarfism, which occurred when its original large ancestors reached Sardinia and due to lower food supply and lack of potential predators they reduced their size.〔Maria Rita Palombo: ''Endemic elephants of the Mediterranean Islands: knowledge, problems and perspectives.'' In: G. Cavarretta, P. Gioia, M. Mussi and Maria Rita Palombo (eds.): ''The World of Elephants – International Congress. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.'' Rome, 2001, pp. 486–491〕〔Lucia Caloi, Tassos Kotsakis, Maria R. Palombo und Carmelo Petronio: ''The Pleistocene dwarf elephants from Mediterranean islands.'' In: Jeheskel Shoshani and Pascal Tassy (eds.): ''The Proboscidea. Evolution and palaeoecology of the Elephants and their relatives.'' Oxford, New York, Tokyo, 1996, pp. 234–239〕
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